The subject of the study is cultural diplomacy, and the object is the models of cultural diplomacy developed in the process of institutionalization of this type of international state activity. This article analyzes intercultural interaction practices that have developed historically over the centuries of European culture, as well as current trends in the transformation of cultural diplomacy practices. It utilizes a historical research method and content analysis of the cultural diplomacy practices of leading global political actors. It is shown that the institutionalization of activity in this area began to take shape in the late 19th century and became established during the Cold War, becoming part of the ideological rivalry between the US and the USSR. After 1991, Cummings redefined the term, removing its taint of propaganda from the previous era.The study analyzes European (French, German), American and Russian models of cultural diplomacy, and examines the transformational tendencies of the transition period.The models examined reveal common features and key differences; they substantiate the need for a transformation of cultural diplomacy in the 21st century, driven by the political tensions of the transitional period, the crisis of the liberal model, the rapid development of artificial intelligence, and the application of hierarchical and networked forms of global governance.
cultural diplomacy, French model, American model, German model, Soviet (Russian) model, transformation, global governance, crisis
1. Paschalidis, G. Exporting National Culture: histories of Cultural Institutes abroad. International Journal of Cultural Policy. - 2009. - 15(3). - PP. 275-289. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630902811148
2. Callier F. On the Methods of Conducting Negotiations with Sovereigns / F. Callier. - M.: Gandalf, Series "Classics of Diplomacy", 2000-208 pp.
3. Cultural Policy: a preliminary study // Unesco.org. (2023). URL: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000001173. (date of appeal: 8.05.2025)
4. Barghoorn F.C. The Soviet Cultural Offensive; the role of cultural diplomacy in Soviet foreign policy: Barghoorn, Frederick Charles, 1911: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming: Internet Archive. URL: https://archive.org/details/sovietculturalof0000barg_y1m9/page/n375/mode/2up. (date of appeal: 2.02. 2025).
5. Kurumchina A.E. International Potential of Russian NGOs in the Sphere of Cultural Diplomacy of the BRICS Alliance // Bulletin of TSUPBP. Series of social sciences. - 2024. - No. 2. - PP. 146-156.
6. Bound, K., Briggs, R., Holden, J. and Jones, S. Cultural Diplomacy. London. - 2007 - Demos. URL: https://demos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/files/Cultural_diplomacy_-_web.pdf (Date of appeal: 02.02.2025).
7. Goff, P.M. Cultural Diplomacy. - Routledge eBooks. - 2020. - PP. 30-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429465543-6 (date of appeal: 02.02.2025).
8. Pajtinka E. Cultural Diplomacy and Organizational and Institutional Models in Selected States // Journal of International Relations. - 2015. - № 2. - PP.111-122.
9. Ceeriscope // Sciences-po.fr. - 2013. URLt: http://ceriscope.sciences-po.fr/puissance/content/part2/la-diplomatie-culturellefrancaise-puissance-douce (date of appeal: 2.02. 2025).
10.Chaubet, F. L'Alliance fran?aise ou la diplomatie de la langue (1883-1914). Revue historique/ - 2004. - 632(4). - P.763. doi: https://doi.org/10.3917/rhis.044.0763
11.Fohr, Tadi La diplomatie culturelle face aux defis contemporains // Terra Nova - 2017, - PP. 1-12. URL: https://tnova.fr/site/assets/files/10802/27032017_-_la_diplomatie_culturelle_face_aux_d_fis_contemporains.pdf?10xfi (date of appeal: 02.02.2025).
12.Kosenko S.I. Transformation of the Doctrine of Foreign Cultural Policy of France at the Turn of the Century. Bulletin of MGIMO-University. 2014;(1(34)): 235-241.URL: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-235-241
13.La strat?gie d'influence culturelle ext?rieure de la France. (n.d.). URL: https://www.ege.fr/sites/ege.fr/files/uploads/2018/02/Influence-culturelle-France.pdf (date of appeal: 2.02.2025).
14.Kosenko S. I. The Culture of France at the Service of Foreign Policy // Observer. - 2013. - No. 10 (285).URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kultura-frantsii-na-sluzhbe-vneshney-politiki (date of appeal: 08.052025).
15.Auswertiges Amt Kulturpolitik ist eine sanfte Macht // Ausw?rtiges Amt.- 2019. URL: https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/newsroom/muentefering-stuttgarter-zeitung/2177780 (date of appeal: 2.02.568 2025).
16.B-u-b.de. Kultureller Kahlschlag mit weitreichenden Folgen. - 2023. - URL: https://www.b-u-b.de/detail/goethe-institute-schliessung (date of appeal: 2.02. 2025).
17.Belopashka N.V. State and Culture in the USSR: from Khrushchev to Gorbachev: monograph. - Izhevsk: Publishing House "Udmurt University", 2012 - 320 pp.
18.Saunders Frances Stonor. The Cultural Cold War the CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York New Press. - 2013. URL: https://archive.org/details/frances-stonor-saunders-the-cultural-cold-war-the-cia-and-the-world-of-arts-and- (date of appeal: 08.05.2025)
19.Filimonov G. Yu. On the History of the Foreign Cultural Policy of the USA // Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: International Relations. - 2011. - No. 4. - PP. 89-97pp. URL: https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/10699/10150 (date of appeal: 2.02 2025).
20. Americans for the Arts. Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. - 2019. URL: https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/reports-and-data/legislation-policy/naappd/cultural-diplomacy-and-the-united-states-government-a-survey. (date of appeal: 8.05.2025)